GFP) and bioluminescent (luciferase) gene reporter constructs have made non-invasive in vivo optical imaging a powerful new tool in the study of small animal models of human biology and disease. Especially the development of extremely sensitive cooled CCD cameras and fluorescent (e.g. This offers the possibility to study spatial distribution and temporal expression of the transgene and thereby enabling analyses of cellular and molecular events involved in many disease processes. Recent technical developments in optical imaging have made it possible to visualize non-invasively transgene expression in intact animals. Particularly, tagging of virtually any cellular protein with GFP (green fluorescent protein) allows the study of molecular dynamics in living cells, which is considered essential to unravel the molecular mechanisms (and the defects therein) that underlie disease.Especially for preclinical studies in live animals optical imaging is an extremely sensitive and relatively simple and inexpensive technology. Next to visualization of organs for diagnostic purposes, imaging is also extensively used at the cellular, subcellular and even molecular level, using light microscopy (for instance fluorescence-based) or electron microscopy. The module will provide insight into the significance of these disease processes and discuss the current and future contribution of medical imaging technology. One goal of this module is to highlight current clinical applications (cardiovascular, oncology, neurology) of modern radiological imaging modalities (x-ray, ultrasound, CT, PET, MRI). This development is also important to guide new treatments with gene products and other compounds. In modern medicine the trend of ‘minimally invasive interventions’ will proceed and become more and more sophisticated. by local destruction using thermoablation). The CT scan can diagnose a liver tumor, but can also can be used to guide a needle or other instrument to a particular tumor location to deliver local treatment (e.g. liver tumors) is more and more based on guidance by radiological imaging. The selection of the best imaging strategy requires understanding of the pathology under investigation as well as the strengths and limitations of the available techniques. Other examples are the diagnosis and staging of tumors in the bone, the diagnosis and treatment of liver metastases and the diagnosis of heart disease. For example, understanding the high contrast resolution of MRI may help to explain the sensitivity of MRI for detecting subtle brain abnormalities like multiple sclerosis, that may go undetected by other imaging modalities. It is important to know the physical principles underlying these technologies in order to understand why a specific technique may be the most appropriate choice to diagnose a specific disease entity. Currently, a wide array of diagnostic imaging modalities is available, including x-ray technology, ultrasound, computer tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy (MRI/MRS) and nuclear medicine (e.g. When selecting the most appropriate diagnostic method it is also indispensable to have some basic knowledge of the available imaging technologies. The most common issues are cardiovascular, neurological and oncologic diseases. A basic understanding of the various pathologies is needed to select the most appropriate imaging technology to make the fastest and most cost-effective diagnosis. Radiological imaging methods are rather macroscopic than microscopic. Radiology is the medical specialty is based on the use of these technologies. Modern imaging technologies are indispensable for the diagnosis and treatment of most disease processes.
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